The Right Stuff Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Right Stuff - Essay Example They are the characteristics that the recruiter thinks is correct. So the one with the authority or power defines what the right stuff is. People try to guess the actual characteristics that come under the topic the right stuff but they are only known to the person who has formulated the theory. It is really difficult to find a man with the right stuff and he should have it, not most of it. After the 2nd world war the US were in a race with the Russians for the space mission. It was really important for them to beat the Russians. Many pilots were recruited by the NASA for the space program. New pilots from the navy were also selected. The book tells about the US space program, the test pilots, astronauts and their wives. It shows what the pilots and their wives endured during the space program. The pilots were given a small introduction talk, here they were told about the right stuff and one should have it to get there and not most of it. Many guesses were made but resulted in failur e. Although the right stuff includes the term bravery but it’s not all about it. It includes many other stuff and requirement other than bravery and courage. The pilots underwent rigorous tests and many other tasks to check if they had the right stuff and pilots were being rejected based upon the theory of the right stuff. The pilots became obsessed with it by hearing it in each phase of the tests.

Nike vs Adidas Essay Example for Free

Nike vs Adidas Essay Nikes business strategy In order to get a grasp of Nike and how its changing the world today with its innovative products, we must first take a glance at the history of the company and how it all began. Bill Bowerman was a nationally respected track and field coach at the University of Oregon and the founding father of Nike. Bill was always seeking to find ways in order to give his athletes a competitive advantage experiencing with track surfaces, energy drinks but most importantly- innovative running shoes. Nikes business strategy is committed to providing athletes around the world with innovative products and committed to serving athletes, rewarding shareholders and being an industry leader in the shoe market in particular. A golden handshake between Bil Bowerman and Phil knight began the era of Nike over 5 decades and what it is today. Nike has adopted a differentiation focus by implementing what Nike call a consumer focused category strategy. Nikes business strategy is committed to providing the most innovative products around the world to athletes and consumers across the globe. Nike carries an arsenal of products that allow the company to continue growth through increased market place capacity and penetration with decisions that involve outsourcing manufacturing to low-cost areas in the world, investing in research and development of innovative products and aggressive marketing strategies that are beyond conventional. Their consumer focused strategy enhances gives them great leveraging ability to deliver great product and elevated consumer experiences which will help grow the NIKE Brand. http://www.nikebiz.com/crreport/content/pdf/documents/en-US/full-report.pdf http://www.nikeresponsibility.com/ http://www.nike.com/nikeihm/about/business.shtml http://nikeinc.com/news/nike-inc-introduces-2015-global-growth-strategy http://www.slideshare.net/joshuasteinberger/adidas-nike-case-study http://nikeinc.com/pages/history-heritage http://prezi.com/kg1omedww1k7/global-strategy-presentation-nike/

The Role of Computers in the Criminal Justice Field :: Technology Benefits Essays Papers

Computers take part in a big role in the Criminal Justice Field. So far computers have allowed us to make it accessible for witnesses to go through and look for a suspect's picture on the screen. Computers have enabled us to be able to do DNA testing. Which now only takes the labs a short time to process, and finding criminals from cases 15+ years ago can now be charged for their actions. There are laptop computers in police vehicles; therefore, police officers can look up information right then and there instead of having to wait until they get back to the station. Some cars even have the wireless Internet connection that goes through satellite which allows them to do even greater things. Computers have also allowed the use of fingerprinting to expand. Agencies can now take someone’s fingerprints and send them through the computer and find out if they are linked to any other cases going on at the time, or any other cases in the past. Also, Criminal Investigators can determine how a fire started by using computer analysis devices. Whether or not an accelerant was used in a fire such as: gasoline, kerosene, lighter fluid, or if the fire just accidentally happened. Computers are used at traffic stops. The officer can find the vehicle identification number (VIN) and calls the number in to the secretary and the secretary lets the responding officer know whether or not the vehicle belongs to the driver of the car, to make sure the vehicle isn’t stolen. If the car is stolen the officer car arrest the person right then. The use of computers by officers of the law allows lists of prior criminals to be kept on file. These files can be viewed at the push of a button. No longer do police officers have to go to the filing cabinet to find the needed information on a criminal. Also list can be kept of all citizens with prior tickets, misdemeanors and felonies. This can make the process of narrowing down suspects much easier. Databases of citizens’ personal information can also be found. Therefore a person could be found easily when needed for questioning. Computers are also being used to create simulations. For instance right here on campus is something called range 2000.

Officer Selection Process

Officer selection is a very detailed process. Every police department wants to recruit, select, train, and maintain the best and brightest officers possible. The job of a police officer requires an individual that can deal with stressful situations and the ability to interact with the community. The job requires quick decision making and good judgment. Police duties vary from writing reports to maintaining order to responding to criminal situations, all of which require critical thinking skills. Officers should possess certain traits due to the range of duties they will have to perform. These traits include physically agility, the ability to cope with difficult situations, well-developed writing skills, good communication skills, sound judgment, compassion, strong powers of observation, and the ability to both exert and respect commands of authority (Grant & Terry, 2008). Every department sets its own standards therefore there is not a set standard for officer selection. The minimum requirements that most departments require that the officer be at least 21 years of age, have a driver’s license in the state or be eligible for one, have no prior felony convictions, and be able to pass a written exam, a medical exam, an interview, a physical agility test, and psychological screening. Individuals must be able to obtain a driver’s license because their primary duty will be patrol and must be twenty one years of age as they will have to qualify for a firearm. A police officer will not have full police powers until at least the age of twenty one, for that reason some departments will not even allow recruits to enter the police academy until they reach that age. A convicted felony is prohibited from possessing a firearm, which thereby bars them from becoming police officers. Most police departments now have educational requirements for recruits. Nearly all departments require officers to have a minimum of a high school diploma, and many require at least some college credits. Officers need to be able to deal with the constant changing law of criminal procedures, and the idea is that the departments need to raise their requirements to keep pace with the rising levels of education in society. With the increase use of technology in policing is another reason for high education among the officers. In most states, small departments send their new officers to a state training academy or program certified by the state. During this time the officer is on probation for a period of a year or two years in which the officer is evaluated. Some of the programs are operated through community colleges. The separate police academies run by the large police departments are similarly certified by the state. Officers who complete state training are then certified or licensed as peace officers in the state. The academy provides formal training during which the recruits who prove to be unqualified are weeded out. During the time at the police academy the officers receive physical training, training in the use of firearms, and training in the systems of patrol and traffic. The officers must learn about the department, its policies, and its relationship with other agencies such as state, county, federal. Once out of the academy, the police officer is assigned a field training officer (FTO). The FTO assist the new officer in using the knowledge and skills learned at the academy. The FTO also assist the new officer to acclimate into the police culture, and experience the socialization process. The FTO’s can have a significant influence over the new officers and assist the officer in dealing with the stress and cynicism that comes with the job. In some states, the officers are required to be Peace Officers Standards and Training (POST) certified as the officers are often confronted with acts of civil disobedience. The promotion process for police officers is very competitive. Officers may be promoted through several methods; these methods may differ from department to department and agency to agency. The officer typically will take a written exam and partake in an interview; the officers are then assessed on qualities relating to the job. The written exam usually is in a multiple choice format. During the interview, a board of several members asks the candidates a variety of questions. These questions may range from information about the candidates background and personal characteristics to judgments about policing situations. After the interview, the candidates are assessed, during which time the candidates are observed, tested, rated, and evaluated. The purpose of these assessment tools is to determine how well the candidate would perform at supervisory levels. Promotions are not based on these factors alone, but are considered in combination with the performance evaluation. Performance evaluations look at the candidate’s quantity and quality of work, work habits, human relations, and ability to accept new situations. The officer selection process has evolved over the past 100 years. The police began actively recruiting women and minorities, implement affirmative action policies to keep the departments as equal opportunities for hiring of police officers. The selection process is similar among the local, state, and federal agencies. The law enforcement departments are all looking for the brightest and best for their departments. The departments require the officers to be healthy of mind and body, ability to learn and adapt to different situations, and have good communication skills with the community. Each agency is willing to train and educate the officers as it is difficult to find the ideal candidate with all the qualities necessary.

She Never Lies

The whole room goes silent. This is what I've been waiting for. See this is what its like at my school, to fit in you either act yourself and if that's good enough you're lucky, if not some serious sucking up is to be done. And that's what Joanne did. I, myself, I'm an outgoing, semi-confident girl and I care about how I look and appear towards others. Basically I just like to have fun. Now Joanne and I are in the same class and have a bit of a giggle now and then. We are essentially best friends. Well we used to be anyway. Right, I'll start from the beginning; Joanne was just a shy, self-conscious girl who underestimated herself but was perfect how she was because all her friends, including me, loved her very much. Then they came along. Basically they are the other people in our drama club. Most of them are older than we are and most of us have fun and fit in as we are, she would as well if she didn't think she had to change herself to be ‘accepted'. I'll explain to you what she does, especially around older guys. See when she's around guys she forgets that any of her girly friends exist and it's just like she thinks she doesn't need us around them, just because she likes being the centre of attention. To get the older girls to like her she sucks up to them as much as she can it's just unbelievable. We, her original friends, hate the new her, and just cannot stand it. Last week everyone in the drama club were getting all excited because we had been invited to a summer party in the holidays at a guys house. All us girls were planning what to wear and how we should do our hair, blah blah blah, stuff like that. Joanne on the other hand, couldn't care less about our little girly chats and goes off with the boys yet again, and just abandons us. Now it's starting to get out of hand. After a few days of being ignored I thought I would stand up to her and calmly explain what she's done. She denies it all, takes everything I say the wrong way and puts everything out of proportion and turns everything around so that it's all about her. Which it really isn't. I just wish that all her ‘new friends' knew what she was really like and what she says about them behind their backs. I want to tell them all, but they will never believe me. To them, she is innocent. Finally Joanne is not in school, probably ‘ill'. That means that me and my best best mate, Lucy, get to talk to our drama club in private at our last get together before the summer. Sorted. The only problems we could conjure up by doing this is: A – them believing us, and B – them ending up hating us for saying such things about Joanne in the first place. We took that risk and went for it. They didn't seem too hateful they understood our reasoning, and the fact we have known her for longer and we made a deal. They get her drunk at the party and get it all out of her, if not then we are in for complete humiliation. This will be interesting. The summer was great just my friends and I. Obviously that didn't include Joanne, she was way too busy ‘doing drama' or whatever excuse she could think of. We all knew she was with them. In the end, we just didn't bother calling her to meet up because we knew she would have other arrangements. A few days before the party some of the drama guys asked me, Lucy and some others if we wanted to meet up. They said that it was important plus they hadn't seen us in ages, but we soon realised that was just a white lie to get us to come out. So naturally we accepted and went to the park. It was fun hanging out with everyone again, Friday was looking better and better to me. After I got home from my fun and exhausting day, I find that I am ambushed by texts and calls from Joanne. She was having a go at me for going out with ‘her' friends without her. I just ignored her because I thought she was being a bit of a hypocrite to be honest, and by that time I'd had enough. The deal looked more promising by the minute. It's Friday, and I am so eager for tonight to begin. I manage to control myself and go out shopping for a new outfit with Lucy. Clearly that took us all day, so when I got home it was time to make myself gorgeous. It took me just over an hour to get ready, just in time to leave for the center of town to meet my best guy friend, Craig. Somehow we managed to get a lift from the head of drama club, so we were happy. In the car I was so excited it was unbelievable. Throughout the last few day I have been informing everyone of what happened after I met up with ‘Joanne's' friends, they know everything she said. I reckon it's all on for tonight. Ever since all this Joanne malarkey started, I've never been able to understand why she does it. Why she doesn't just be herself. Whether she's forgotten her old friends, or just forgotten how she used to be. It just doesn't make sense. By the time we arrived, Joanne was already there. Laughing, flirting and just being who she wasn't. I was surprised that she noticed I'd arrived, oh my mistake she hadn't. The only person she had noticed was Craig, I wanted to hit her so much. When the other girls arrived we decided to spike all her drinks until she blabs, so from then on her drinks weren't all innocent and clean, they had been spiked. Only with a little alcohol though. Halfway through the night she was completely wasted. This was our opportunity to show everyone what Joanne's like, and to have our laugh. One person can only do this stunt, and that person was Daniel. Daniel is the best looking guy in our drama club and absolutely every girl at some point in her life will fancy the pants off him, and for Joanne this was the point in her life. Daniel decided to go with the casual approach, and casually asked her what she thought of drama club and everyone at the party. The bomb had been set off. Once she started she couldn't stop. She thought the girls were bitchy and annoying, and obviously not as good looking as her. The boys were mainly fit but full of themselves and have massive egos. So basically, she doesn't like anyone there. Although she surprised me when she said the only people she did like were the girls in her year, i.e. my friends and I, and of course she liked Daniel. She explained that she only hung around with the older guys because she was just a tad bit desperate!! I couldn't wait until the next day. For the next few days I have to say Joanne was hated by nearly everyone. I felt quite bad about what me and Lucy did, telling everyone Joanne was evil. In some ways though I'm happy because she's started to go back to her old self when she didn't know the drama club, now everyone gets to be friends with the real her. Not that the older people want to be, that would be just me and the girls. After a month or so the drama club started to warm up to Joanne and her normal self. Future parties will never be able to live up to the drama from that party, it was proper immense. I suppose that's what drama is all about, isn't it?!

U.S Colleges and Undocumented Students Essay

U.S Colleges and Undocumented Students Essay U.S Colleges and Undocumented Students Educational Essay Example U.S Colleges and Undocumented Students Educational Essay Example An undocumented student can be described as a student who moved in the U.S. without proper documentation. A person can also be considered an undocumented student if he or she entered the U.S. legitimately but dishonored the terms of his or her status hence staying without authorization (†An Overview of College-bound Undocumented Students†). Different critics have voiced various views on whether to allow the undocumented students to continue pursuing their studies in the American colleges. Undocumented students in the U.S. are usually experiencing a wide range of difficulties when it comes to transitioning from high school to college (O’Leary). A recent statics has shown that the majority of undocumented students lack an opportunity to proceed with college education after high school. Approximately 5 to 10% are the few lucky persons that usually get an opportunity to enroll and continue with their college studies (O’Leary). The primary reasons for undocumente d students to finish their college education involves state and federal policies, stigmatization and fear, unaffordable college costs, and lack of necessary incentives and support (O’Leary). As much as these are the keystone issues for their limited access to college education, the undocumented students should be supported and allowed to obtain the college education. This paper focuses on the reasons why undocumented students should be welcomed by the U.S. colleges and the consequence this move will have on these students. The paper also contains recommendations for improvement of the present situation. REASONS WHY U.S. COLLEGES SHOULD WELCOME UNDOCUMENTED STUDENTS According to the statistical data it is clear that undocumented students have lived in the U.S. for a reasonably long time. For instance, a recent survey has shown that the undergraduates under analysis have lived in the United States for approximately 14 years (Kohli). This fact shows that the majority of undocumented students live in the U.S. most of their lives. It also acts as a proof that the majority of these students have attained their fundamental education and high school education in the U.S. It could be argued that after an individual spends a reasonable time in certain place, he or she should acquire the education there. Therefore, the issue of deportation becomes futile, because one will have to adapt to a new educational system. According to Kohli, it is due to the realization of this fact that the U.S. President Barrack Obama declared a program called Deferred Action for Childhood Arrival (DACA) in 2012. The objective of this program was to protect the undocumented tee nagers from banishment for a limited period of time (Kohli). Therefore, refusal to accept these people for the college education on the basis of their legality can be declared pointless. In addition to this, the U.S. is the only country which is known for the majority of undocumented students living and studying there. Having born and brought up in the U.S. and even having embraced English as their native language, they still have to face technicalities in pursuit of their higher education. This situation is discourteous. The undocumented students with outstanding academic qualifications from high school waste their possibilities whereas their potential could serve significantly for the development of future generations. This aspect if not well reconsidered will make the U.S. suffer from reduced number of intellectuals despite high number of tertiary level institutions. If critically analyzed, undocumented youths with high academic performance usually pose unique talents that can be nurtured for the improvement and development of the U.S. (Kohli). For instance, in her article, Kohli has showcased a productive 19-year-old student who emigrated from Mexico to California as a child. Through the assistance of the undocumented student program, this student received an opportunity to attain education at the University of California where she is currently studying as a sophomore. However, at the institution she encounters a number of challenges including paying college fee. Looking critically at frustrations that the analyzed students face at college for being undocumented, it can be argued that despite her talent she should be supported to achieve the best at the University, because eventually her abilities will be beneficial to the U.S. The case of this student serves as a representation of a wide range of problems that undocumented students face before receiving college education. For example, in most private and public institutions of higher learning, undocumented students are usually considered international students (†An Overview of College-bound Undocumented Students†). Their financial position plays a significant role in their admission to private colleges hence resulting in high competition during admission for the able and unable. Private college fee in the U.S. accounts for approximately $80,000 to $200,000 for four academic years (†An Overview of College-bound Undocumented Students†). A majority of the undocumented students who cannot pay these prices are usually left with no option other than staying at home. Undocumented students are also unentitled to financial scholarships and federal financial grants (Kohli). This policy has deprived many qualified and knowledgeable undocumente d students of a chance to acquire collegiate training that is vital to building the nation (An Overview of College-bound Undocumented Students†). It could be argued that the U.S. colleges should train and tap the talents that might be of value for the future of the nation (Groseclose). HIV/AIDS is one of the escalating menaces in the contemporary society that has been accompanied by stigmatization in different communities. It is a global concern which means that every nation has an obligation to annihilate it. It has been argued that some of undocumented immigrants come to the U.S. in pursuit of HIV/AIDS education and some resources to handle this issue (O’Leary). O’Leary also claims that the immigrants move from their places of origin to escape from stigmatization and discrimination related to the disease. Therefore, undocumented students of this kind should not be denied accessing these services. Perhaps, the knowledge they acquire in the U.S. colleges can be beneficial when they return to their homelands. This education will enable them to participate effectively in combating HIV/AIDS menace hence resulting in its reduction. Therefore, U.S. colleges should not disregard those students in pursuit of knowledge, as this experience would be significant in their homelands. It would be unfair to deprive people of this knowledge and let them perish while the U.S. is in a position to help. In fact, it will only show the unwillingness of the U.S. to participate in the efforts to reduce HIV/AIDS which is a global distress. According to another investigation done on the productivity of the college eligible undocumented students, it has been discovered that these students demonstrate excellent educational achievements. Their leadership contribution and civic commitment arrangements have been found to be higher than that of their U.S. legible-citizens colleagues (Groseclose 33). The report acknowledged that more than 95% participated in extracurricular events and more than 90% took part in voluntary organizations (Groseclose 33). In the co-curricular activities, it has been found that 76% of the undocumented students assumed leadership positions such as club president. The report has also showed that most of the undocumented students exhibited charismatic characteristics such as optimism, psychological resilience, and perseverance in desperate situations (Groseclose 33). For example, despite having a wide range of activities at their respective homes such as taking care of their siblings, most of the stud ents could still allow time for volunteer and co-curricular activities. Nonetheless, despite their glistening personality in the field of academics and volunteer activities and leadership, undocumented students still are unsupported to resume their university education. It is the aspiration of many of the undocumented students to continue studying at the higher educational level. More than 90% of the students express their wish to accomplish Master’s or PHD degree (Groseclose 33). These dreams are always shattered by denial of the opportunity to continue their studies after school. Therefore, parents are also demoralized from aspirations to pursue a better future for their children in the U.S. The Supreme Court of the federal government allowed the undocumented students to be recognized as students but according to immigration policy, they are not recognized as the U.S. citizens. This issue suggests that due to lack of guarantees as the U.S. citizens and blocked admission to higher learning facilities, the American society loses significant scholar and civic endowments. Therefore, this situation makes the U.S. lose its dignity among its allies on the ground that they are practicing discriminative policy. Their system only serves a selected part of the population neglecting the larger part that could be as advantageous as the preferred one (Groseclose). The U.S. federal government should also consider undocumented students for higher learning capacity because they are taxpayers as well as the rest of the population. Alienating them as undocumented immigrants implies that they do not have any affiliation to the country despite their commitment to the prosperity of the U.S. In addition, America will not lose anything by allowing them to study and pursue their dreams. As long as they have adequate resources this would facilitate the enrollment of these students. Everything else will run efficiently because undocumented students possess tenacious optimism that would not subject the nation to adverse economic constraints (Perez). EFFECTS OF WELCOMING THE UNDOCUMENTED STUDENTS IN THE U.S. COLLEGES Tolerating access to higher education for the undocumented students is vital because the conduits to the authorization of immigration reforms are meticulously associated with educational acquisition. The immigration bills that were proposed, e.g. the Modernization Immigration Act and the Border Security and Economic Opportunity, needed legalization of those undocumented immigrants who have attained at least two years of collegiate education (Perez). Therefore, allowing undocumented students to achieve higher education will give them opportunities to express their freedom (Perez). On the other hand, the Development, Relief and Education for Alien Minors (DREAM) Act advocates for provisional eternal residence for the teenage migrants (Perez). It requires that the immigrants should attain at least four-year higher education. Allowing undocumented students to acquire this training will be paramount to confirm that the greater percentage of these students qualify to contribute to the forthcoming immigration reform (Perez). It has been pointed out that fear of revealing legal status is common among the undocumented students even when they are allowed to do so (Perez). This aspect is due to the unsupportive college environment that subjects them to suffer from inferiority complex. Lack of legal status usually keeps them depressed for the offered services. Removing the barriers to access to higher education will lead to the reduction of such issues (Kim and Diaz). Therefore, undocumented students who only recognize the U.S. as their country will even work harder for the prosperity of their nation. Most of the undocumented students come from poverty stricken families. Raising the required fee to acquire university education is almost impossible to the majority. If they are given equal opportunities to obtain higher education, they will have better chances to get professional jobs that would aid in poverty reduction among these individuals. It is an obligation of the career counselors to guide the students in planning the next phase of their education while in high school. Perez reports that most of the undocumented students are usually unaware of their legal status in the U.S. until they complete their secondary education. Removing the barrier to attain higher education will ease a smooth transition of the undocumented students from high school to college. In addition to this debate, some proponents have acknowledged that tuition policies propagate the significance of cultural assimilation (Groseclose 15). They argue that since undocumented students have lived in the U.S. for a long period, they are culturally assimilated. They have even deserted their national heritage because their abilities are measured by their proficiency in English. Making higher education accessible to these students will enhance further assimilation and promote devotion to the U.S. status quo (Groseclose 15). Providing access to collegiate education will also enhance patriotism among undocumented students. Having in mind that they can acquire higher education without troubles will make them rejuvenate their thwarted dreams of helping their families. Most of the undocumented immigrants are committed to voluntary service for the benefit of the U.S. (Groseclose 33). Allowing them to get post-secondary education will make them be more patriotic to their states and the entire nation. It is indeed clear that undocumented students face enormous difficulties in order to obtain higher education. The barriers put in place by federal policies and unwelcoming attitude by the campus administration have seen many undocumented students lose their stimulation. Executing some reforms to these policies at post-secondary, federal, and state level will give these students the ability to pursue higher education without much trouble. Therefore, the following recommendation will be helpful for championing this objective. Accessibility to Federal Education Benefits Minus Interruption The forthcoming immigration reforms should annihilate all the bans that inhibit undocumented students from accessing education benefits such as student loans, Pell grants, and work-study programs. These benefits constitute a greater percentage of the undocumented students’ abilities to fund their post-secondary education (Perez). The idea of lifting ban to access work study will make these students earn some pocket money while building the nation. Therefore, it is the responsibility of the stakeholders to ensure that all the students have equal chances to access this service. Extension of Deferred Action for Parental Accountability to Parents of DACA Recipients It is the responsibility of the administration to make certain that the parents of DACA beneficiaries are also allowed to access DAPA. This aspect will increase the number of undocumented students who qualify for work authorization and terminate the risk of banishment (Perez 29). It will also guarantee them financial security for acquiring higher education. Welcoming Attitude at Institutions of Higher Learning The stakeholders at colleges and universities should be urged to enhance conducive campus environment and address the requirements of undocumented students appropriately. These institutions should also partner with high schools to ensure that they provide the students with relevant information concerning the attainment of higher education. These colleges and universities should also organize individual offices that would be responsible for addressing financial issues of undocumented students (Perez). The issue of acquisition of higher education for undocumented students is a crucial matter that the U.S. should address. This aspect has been neglected by various stakeholders of higher learning though it plays a significant role in the maintenance of intellectual population in the U.S. Therefore, the issue of embracing undocumented students to acquire quality training will be more advantageous to the U.S. regardless of their legal status. Additionally, alienating undocumented students from gaining higher learning training makes the state lose significant talents. As a result, the remarkable academic excellence of these students is left to go untapped for the betterment of the country. Therefore, it is the responsibility of the President Obama’s government and the future governments to reconsider the immigration reforms for the benefit of the U.S. and undocumented students.

Free Essays on The Book Of Jonah

Jonah, book of the Old Testament, one of 12 brief prophetic books known, chiefly because of their brevity, as the Minor Prophets. The book relates a number of incidents in the life of an 8th-century BC Hebrew prophet named Jonah. In the first incident, Jonah is commanded by God to â€Å"go to Nineveh, that great city, and cry against it; for their wickedness has come up before me† (1:2). Jonah, however, seeks to flee by ship from â€Å"the presence of the Lord† (1:3, 10). A tempest arises; the frightened, reluctant mariners cast Jonah overboard (on Jonah's request), and he is swallowed by â€Å"a great fish† (1:17). In consequent incidents, Jonah prays from the belly of the fish (2:1-9), is subsequently â€Å"vomited out ... upon the dry land† (2:10), and again is commanded to â€Å"go to Nineveh ... and proclaim to it the message that I tell you† (3:2). Jonah preaches (3:3, 4), the people repent (3:5-9), and God, seeing their works, spares them (3: 10). In the final incident, God reproves Jonah for being â€Å"displeased ... exceedingly† (4:1) after he spares â€Å"more than a hundred and twenty thousand persons who do not know their right hand from their left† (4:11). Many modern biblical commentators and scholars regard the book as an allegory or a parable, because little has been found to support it as a historical narrative. No word, for example, of any mass repentance like that described in Jonah is preserved among the known historical records of ancient Assyria. Moreover, on the basis of internal evidence, some scholars now maintain that the Book of Jonah is the work of an unknown, postexilic (that is, after 538 BC) author (not, as tradition holds it to be, the work of the historical prophet Jonah). This evidence includes the late form of Hebrew used by the writer and his apparent familiarity with certain biblical books dating from the immediate preexilic and the postexilic periods. Other scholars still believe that it may date from so... Free Essays on The Book Of Jonah Free Essays on The Book Of Jonah Jonah, book of the Old Testament, one of 12 brief prophetic books known, chiefly because of their brevity, as the Minor Prophets. The book relates a number of incidents in the life of an 8th-century BC Hebrew prophet named Jonah. In the first incident, Jonah is commanded by God to â€Å"go to Nineveh, that great city, and cry against it; for their wickedness has come up before me† (1:2). Jonah, however, seeks to flee by ship from â€Å"the presence of the Lord† (1:3, 10). A tempest arises; the frightened, reluctant mariners cast Jonah overboard (on Jonah's request), and he is swallowed by â€Å"a great fish† (1:17). In consequent incidents, Jonah prays from the belly of the fish (2:1-9), is subsequently â€Å"vomited out ... upon the dry land† (2:10), and again is commanded to â€Å"go to Nineveh ... and proclaim to it the message that I tell you† (3:2). Jonah preaches (3:3, 4), the people repent (3:5-9), and God, seeing their works, spares them (3: 10). In the final incident, God reproves Jonah for being â€Å"displeased ... exceedingly† (4:1) after he spares â€Å"more than a hundred and twenty thousand persons who do not know their right hand from their left† (4:11). Many modern biblical commentators and scholars regard the book as an allegory or a parable, because little has been found to support it as a historical narrative. No word, for example, of any mass repentance like that described in Jonah is preserved among the known historical records of ancient Assyria. Moreover, on the basis of internal evidence, some scholars now maintain that the Book of Jonah is the work of an unknown, postexilic (that is, after 538 BC) author (not, as tradition holds it to be, the work of the historical prophet Jonah). This evidence includes the late form of Hebrew used by the writer and his apparent familiarity with certain biblical books dating from the immediate preexilic and the postexilic periods. Other scholars still believe that it may date from so...

Second Grade Science Fair Projects

Second Grade Science Fair Projects Second-graders tend to be very curious. Applying that natural inquisitiveness to a science fair project can yield great results. Look for a natural phenomenon that interests the student and have him or her ask questions about it. Expect to help a second-grade student plan the project, and offer guidance with a report or poster. While its always nice to apply the scientific method, its usually OK for second-graders to make models or perform demonstrations that illustrate scientific concepts. Here are some ideas appropriate for second-graders: Food These are experiments with things we eat: What factors affect the rate at which foods spoil? You can test heat, light, and humidity.Identify the characteristics that distinguish a fruit from a vegetable. Next, use these characteristics to group different produce items.Test eggs for freshness using the float test. Does it always work?Do all types of bread grow the same types of mold?What is the best liquid for dissolving a gummy bear? Try water, vinegar, oil, and other common ingredients. Can you explain the results?Do raw eggs and hard-boiled eggs spin the same length of time and number of times?A mint makes your mouth feel cool. Use a thermometer to see if it actually changes the temperature. Environment These experiments focus on processes in the world around us: Put a pair of old socks over your shoes and go for a walk in a field or a park. Remove the seeds that attach to the socks and try to figure out how they attach to animals and what the plants they come from might have in common.Why doesnt the ocean freeze? Compare the effects of motion, temperature, and wind on freshwater compared with salt water.Collect insects. What types of insects live in your environment? Can you identify them?Do cut flowers last longer if you put them in warm water or cold water? You can test how effectively flowers are drinking water by adding food coloring to it and using white flowers, such as carnations. Do flowers drink warm water faster, slower, or at the same rate as cold water?Can you tell from todays clouds what tomorrows weather will be?Collect a few ants. What foods most attract ants? Least attract them? Household These experiments are about how things work around the house: Do clothes take the same length of time to dry if you add a dryer sheet or fabric softener to the load?Do frozen candles burn at the same rate as candles that were stored at room temperature?Are waterproof mascaras really waterproof? Put some mascara on a sheet of paper and rinse it with water. What happens? Do eight-hour lipsticks really keep their color that long?What type of liquid will rust a nail the quickest? You could try water, orange juice, milk, vinegar, peroxide, and other common household liquids. Miscellaneous Here are experiments in various categories: Do all students take the same size steps (have the same stride)? Measure feet and strides and see if there seems to be a connection.Do most students have the same favorite color?Take a group of objects and categorize them. Explain how the categories were selected.Do all students in the class have the same size hands and feet as each other? Trace outlines of hands and feet and compare them. Do taller students have larger hands and feet or does height not seem to matter?

Management Accounting Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Management Accounting - Assignment Example Vision matched the idealism of TC's founders (students of a great drama teacher). Vision also reinforced the mission "to entertain our audiences with plays produced from the Canadian and international repertoires, and to develop the theatrical community." Mission and vision are summarised in Principles that combine artistic excellence, financial stability, and organisational sustainability. Objectives are clear, developed and refined with inputs from everyone (Board all the way to customers). Annual strategic and budget planning sessions inspire commitment to TC's purpose, core values, and vision. TC is in a creative business and has a system in place to get inputs from the creative/production side, including inputs to the budgets and planning system. However, there is no clear answer to "how does TC create value for customers" beyond the sentimental ones (tradition, legacy, culture, etc.). TC has to think of a better answer to the question, because this would help solve its revenue-generation problem. McCabe had an ambitious performance goal: increase subscribers threefold. Backed this up with performance standards, codes of conduct, and incentive systems to motivate, inform, and align staff with the organisation's objectives. Sales teams were given freedom to be creative within limits, and titles changed from "ticket clerks" to "customer service teams". However, strategic boundaries seem incomplete. The case lacks details on defined market position, which affects the theatre's capacity to generate sufficient revenues to cover costs and wipe out deficits. TC has to define what business it is in, who competitors are, whether pricing strategies are competitive, and how to generate loyalty amongst customers. Of course, there are idealistic supporters ready to contribute cash to bridge deficits, but unless TC develops a plan to widen its market base, it cannot sustain profitability. And whilst it evaluates its current customer base, it needs to find ways to target new customers, new age groups (below the present 40 to 65 age group), develop the right pricing for each, and develop new materials to compete with other providers in the market (how can TC compete with video games, peer group activities, extreme activities, etc.). TC has to look to the future, instead of only learning from the past. Related to this is the need to determine which amongst its existing customer groups (the 45-60 years age group is one generation!) are profitable, and whether it can increase their numbers or generate higher profits from those who can afford to pay more. TC may be too concerned with survival, but it has to learn to cut down its level of risks using its accounting system to identify where profitable and sustainable opportunities exist. Interactive Controls (Monitoring, Key Uncertainties) TC has internal control systems, a way of monitoring sales and expenses, getting the

Ocean Life and the Impact Of Humans. An overview of the Gulf of Mexico Research Paper

Ocean Life and the Impact Of Humans. An overview of the Gulf of Mexico - Research Paper Example However, due to the crucial economic importance of aquatic resources, there has been an upsurge of human activities including tourism, mining, fishing and other industries in these habitats. These human activities have regrettably diminished ocean life through unsustainable practices such as overexploitation of the resources and introduction of pollutants. This paper explores ocean life in the Gulf of Mexico, with special focus on the effects of human activities on the diversity and conservation measures in the region. An overview of the Gulf of Mexico The Gulf of Mexico is one of the most important oceanic habitats in Northern America and has one of the richest aquatic diversity in the world. In addition, it has rich reserves of petroleum deposits making it one of the biggest oil producing regions in the world. The rich ecological diversity offers numerous social and economic opportunities, including tourism, navigation, recreation and mining of petroleum and gas that contribute sig nificantly to the gross domestic product of the United States and Mexico. The entire Mexican gulf covers an area of about 600,000 squares miles, extending from the Yucatan peninsula in Mexico to Florida Keys in the United States (Weber, Townsend and Bierce, 1992). A recent biological survey of the biodiversity in the Gulf of Mexico undertaken by GMP (2010) recorded 15,419 species that belong to 40 phyla. The marine life ranges from single cellular organisms to plants, seaweeds and fungi, in addition to a wide variety of vertebrate and invertebrates animals. The rich biodiversity is distributed across three major habitats, including the shoreline or the coast, the shallow sea and the open or deep ocean. The coastal region consists of important habitats, including beaches, sand dunes, estuaries, mangrove swamps, salt marshes and tidal flats. The gulf of Mexico coastline offers a wide range of aquatic plants including the mangrove, diverse varieties of plants and algae including turtle , manatee, shoal and widgeon grasses in addition to sargassum sea weeds. The coastline forms an important habitat for aquatic near shore animals, including corals, sea turtles, dolphins and various species of whales, fish and sharks (GMP, 2010). NOAA (2006) classifies species of animals found in the Gulf of Mexico according to the water depths that they mostly occur. From this classification, there are near shore and offshore animals. The habitat of near shore animals ranges from the estuarine waters to the edge of continental shelf and it covers a distance of less than 200 meters from the shelf edge. Offshore animals occupy deep waters that lie beyond 200 meters from the continental shelf. However, this animal distribution varies depending on the seasons because of migration between these areas for various reasons including reproduction and depending on food availability, water temperatures and strength of ocean currents (NOAA, 2006). The aquatic plants and animals in the Gulf of M exico have established important biological relationships in the ecosystem. Aquatic plants and algae are the primary food producers in the marine ecosystem providing sustenance for a wide variety of marine animals (Allan and David 2007). For instance, turtle grass in the Gulf of Mexico is common source of food to sea turtles. Through photosynthesis, the aquatic plants and algae produces oxygen that dissolves in water. The dissolved oxygen is used for respiration by the wide diversity aquatic animals in the gulf. In addition, anaerobic bacteria use the dissolved oxygen in the decomposition of organic matter in the water bodies. Similarly, aquatic animals provide the plants with carbon dioxide as a by-product of respiration

La Misma Luna Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

La Misma Luna - Essay Example La Misma Luna is a modern day film that takes the viewers on a journey. The setting of the film varies significantly, but presents different environment and situation that the character finds himself. Besides, the setting ranges from lavish cities and restaurants in Los Angels to poverty-stricken background of the boy. In addition, the boy finds himself in the truck as he illegal gets immigrated by coyotes. The director of the film in bringing out the crude mode of trans-border dubious strategies succeeded in highlighting reckless police checks at the border. As the film progresses, the boy finds himself at the edge of being caught by the police. In the same scene, some women dresses provocatively around the restaurant suggestive of females working in the sex trade. In addition, men characters are seen wearing small boxer shorts an indication of immorality at the restaurants where immigrants find themselves working. The film portrays a woman smoking, men drinking beer and using derogatory language as they watch a football match. La Misma Luna â€Å" you bastard come here†. It is, therefore, certain that through costume designs immorality is brought to focus. In Mexico, the scenes appear darker an indication of sheer poverty. In addition, the Rosario, the leading protagonist is among the few lucky people to enjoy the bright U.S environment. In one of the scenes, Rosario is awakened by an alarm and she shouts "Are you up?" However, the lighting and the scene changes to Mexico to Carlitos as he prepares to leave in pursuit of his mother. In this scene, the lighting, costumes and setting helps to bring out the contrast of life in these two different worlds. The boy meets a benevolent fellow migrant Enrique although they separated shortly after crossing border. In this scene, the three-pointer light use helps in unraveling the boy emotional

Relationship between technology and progress (or 2 other topics), Essay

Relationship between technology and progress (or 2 other topics), based on documents from book Thomas Edison and Modern America - Essay Example Therefore it has become necessary to ask this age old question once again. What exactly is the relationship between technology and progress? Is the change that is brought about by technology always positive? Is it at some point inevitable that once we accept the positive developments of technology we have at the same time have to accept its negative accompaniments? These are some of the questions that this paper shall seek to answer. There shall be a special focus on the book Thomas Edison and Modern America by Collins, Lisa and Gregory. There are three areas that I have identified in which the relationship between technology and progress is evident and straightforward. These areas are; an improvement in the quality of life, wealth creation, unemployment, the environment and transport and communication. I shall seek to discuss how technological inventions have brought about changes in the five named areas. This shall of course be done within the context of this book. Because it is ob vious that the perspective to be gained here is mostly from Edison’s day, I shall also include a few sentences to provide the modern context. This shall make up for an all rounded understanding of this relationship (Changing Times, p2). The first area to be looked at is the area of quality of life. This is also the most controversial area as far as the relationship between technology and progress is concerned. The reason that there is a controversy at the centre of this area is because there are varying views on what quality of life means. What constitutes an improvement in the quality of one person might be an unnecessary vexation to another (Not Just An Idea, p 28).. There are several inventions made during Edison’s time that improved the quality of life of the people then. The light bulb for instance comes to mind. Before Edison invented the light bulb, many people used other rudimentary forms of lighting like oil lamps. These were known for the chocking fumes they produced and also obviously because there were not bright enough. It can’t also be ignored that oil came at a cost (Edison's Sparks of Interest noted in the New York Sun). The other lighting that was used in the day was gas lighting. It was however seen a dangerous. Edison used his skills to homes located in a square mile around Pearl Street, Manhattan. It is important at this point to however state that Edison did not invent the light bulb. The light had been scientifically and technologically available half a century earlier. He merely made it commercially available. He also built an electrical system around which it could operate (pg 60). There are many technologies in the present day that have affected the lives of people as much as the light bulb and the electrical system did the. The most important thing about the light bulb is that it allowed people to have the access to lighting and energy in general. The electrical system on the other hand, was the basis for several other inventions. It provided inventors with a source of light and energy from which other inventions were made (Notice from the Edison Company for Isolated Lighting, November 1885). Today, there is one technology that I can think of that has made as much impact. It is the computer. The computer by itself has been an amazing invention. We can use it for typing documents e.t.c. However, that is not where the main significance of the computer is to be found. The

Is it inevitable that an organisation must become bureaucratic Essay

Is it inevitable that an organisation must become bureaucratic - Essay Example The paper tells that the main responsibility of preindustrial government was to protect their territories from any possible attacks by external enemies. The defense was usually regarded as an expensive factor and the empire was highly dependent on the extent of bureaucracy in order to collect taxes. Preindustrial bureaucracies were not only restricted to collecting taxes or maintaining order, but it was even inclined towards economic activities. Bureaucratic structures were not only witnessed in context of imperial governments but also in the realm of religion. The growth of bureaucratic organizations was initiated from religious and political domains. This eventually got incorporated into private enterprises with the growth of complex and larger economies. During the 19th century, it was observed that scope of manager became wider. The reason behind this trend was the employment of large-scale workers. Occupational specialists were also growing during this time period because of tec hnological advancement. Increasing complexity of organizational structure also facilitated territorial expansion. This, in turn, gave rise to the wide array of administrative difficulties. Bureaucratic organizations emerged due to changes in scope and scale of firms. A range of firms from retail stores to steel mills required hundreds or thousands of employees, who can accomplish set tasks within a specified time frame. Organizations started to recruit wide scale of employees so as to divide tasks amongst various worker groups. Social and economic changes were initiating problems for enterprises but it was even outlining mechanisms to address these issues. Automobiles and railroads enabled managers to travel across organizational units to supervise team members. Communication technologies helped managers to allocate tasks and monitor the performance of various geographical sub-divisions. These modern technologies were a way to organize workforce and enhance the level of employee pro ductivity. The organizational revolution had been started in the 20th century. The approach of bureaucratization had led to well-transformed work culture.

Relationship between technology and progress (or 2 other topics), Essay

Relationship between technology and progress (or 2 other topics), based on documents from book Thomas Edison and Modern America - Essay Example Therefore it has become necessary to ask this age old question once again. What exactly is the relationship between technology and progress? Is the change that is brought about by technology always positive? Is it at some point inevitable that once we accept the positive developments of technology we have at the same time have to accept its negative accompaniments? These are some of the questions that this paper shall seek to answer. There shall be a special focus on the book Thomas Edison and Modern America by Collins, Lisa and Gregory. There are three areas that I have identified in which the relationship between technology and progress is evident and straightforward. These areas are; an improvement in the quality of life, wealth creation, unemployment, the environment and transport and communication. I shall seek to discuss how technological inventions have brought about changes in the five named areas. This shall of course be done within the context of this book. Because it is ob vious that the perspective to be gained here is mostly from Edison’s day, I shall also include a few sentences to provide the modern context. This shall make up for an all rounded understanding of this relationship (Changing Times, p2). The first area to be looked at is the area of quality of life. This is also the most controversial area as far as the relationship between technology and progress is concerned. The reason that there is a controversy at the centre of this area is because there are varying views on what quality of life means. What constitutes an improvement in the quality of one person might be an unnecessary vexation to another (Not Just An Idea, p 28).. There are several inventions made during Edison’s time that improved the quality of life of the people then. The light bulb for instance comes to mind. Before Edison invented the light bulb, many people used other rudimentary forms of lighting like oil lamps. These were known for the chocking fumes they produced and also obviously because there were not bright enough. It can’t also be ignored that oil came at a cost (Edison's Sparks of Interest noted in the New York Sun). The other lighting that was used in the day was gas lighting. It was however seen a dangerous. Edison used his skills to homes located in a square mile around Pearl Street, Manhattan. It is important at this point to however state that Edison did not invent the light bulb. The light had been scientifically and technologically available half a century earlier. He merely made it commercially available. He also built an electrical system around which it could operate (pg 60). There are many technologies in the present day that have affected the lives of people as much as the light bulb and the electrical system did the. The most important thing about the light bulb is that it allowed people to have the access to lighting and energy in general. The electrical system on the other hand, was the basis for several other inventions. It provided inventors with a source of light and energy from which other inventions were made (Notice from the Edison Company for Isolated Lighting, November 1885). Today, there is one technology that I can think of that has made as much impact. It is the computer. The computer by itself has been an amazing invention. We can use it for typing documents e.t.c. However, that is not where the main significance of the computer is to be found. The

Rolling Over the Native Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Rolling Over the Native Culture - Essay Example From this paper it is clear  being able to hunt and make war are only two aspects that any culture faces in their day to day life. Art was an area that had a proud European tradition and it was also celebrated by the Indian tribes of North America. However, there were vast differences in the intent of the art and its use. European art was, for the most part, reserved for the elite. Music was seldom heard outside of aristocratic circles or in formal settings. It had little if any relevance to the average European and performances were routinely commissioned by the wealthy. However, Native American music was offered at tribal ceremonies and was a part of their traditional activities. This was due in part because of the difference in the instrumentation involved. While Europeans used complex and highly engineered instruments and compositions, Natives would use simpler forms.  This discussion highlights that the visual arts also had stark differences. Once again, the Europeans looked on art as the property of the elite. Works were commissioned and the practice and appreciation for art was left to those considered worthy. The subject matter generally had no real relationship to the average man. Often the works would become the property of a church or monarch. Here they were kept from view for many that resided in the countryside, or were that barred due to status.  The Natives, in contrast, had a rich tradition in art with a more meaningful use.  ... This gave the Indians the ability not only to hunt, but also to garner respect from their neighboring tribes. In fact, the Montana Historical Society Museum has over 1000 firearms from this period, one of which is Sitting Bull's 1866 Henry repeating rifle ("Museum Collections"). This is evidence of the high desire for European weapon technology and its great importance to both sides. Another important item that was provided by the Europeans was the horse. The Spanish introduced the horse to North America in the 16th century. The horse was a superior tool for the Native Americans as it provided them with much greater mobility, allowing the Indians to travel greater distances and expand their territory. It provided them with a more effective way to pursue their prey on a hunt and greatly increased their opportunity for survival. Horses were also desirable in waging war. The horses brought from Europe would serve the mounted cavalries of the U.S. Army as they pushed the Indians westward. The repeating rifle and the horse, though often misused, were indeed icons of European superiority. The Arts Being able to hunt and make war are only two aspects that any culture faces in their day to day life. Art was an area that had a proud European tradition and it was also celebrated by the Indian tribes of North America. However, there were vast differences in the intent of the art and its use. European art was, for the most part, reserved for the elite. Music was seldom heard outside of aristocratic circles or in formal settings. It had little if any relevance to the average European and performances were routinely commissioned by the wealthy. However, Native American music was offered at tribal ceremonies and was a part of their traditional

Comparison of Martin Luther King Jr and Malcom X Essay Example for Free

Comparison of Martin Luther King Jr and Malcom X Essay They were black men who had a dream, but never lived to see it fulfilled. One was a man who spoke out to all humanity, but the world was not yet ready for his peaceful words. I have a dream, a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed that all men are created equal. (Martin Luther King) The other, a man who spoke of a violent revolution, which would bring about radical change for the black race. Anything you can think of that you want to change right now, the only way you can do it is with a ballot or a bullet. And if youre not ready to get involved with either one of those, you are satisfied with the status quo. That means well have to change you. (Malcom X) While Martin Luther King promoted non-violence, civil rights, and the end to racial segregation, a man of the name of Malcom X dreamed of a separate nation. Martin Luther King, Jr. was the conscience of his generation. A Southerner, a black man, he gazed upon the great wall of segregation and saw that the power of love could bring it down. From the pain and exhaustion of his fight to free all people from the bondage of separation and injustice, he wrung his eloquent statement of what America could be. (Ansboro, pg. 1) An American clergyman and a Nobel Peace Prize winner, he was one of the principle leaders of the American Civil Rights Movement and a prominent advocate of nonviolent protest. Kings challenges to segregation and racial discrimination in the 1950s and 1960s, helped convince many white Americans to support the cause of civil rights in the United States. After his assassination in 1968, King became the symbol of protest in the struggle for racial justice. (King, Martin Luther, Jr. , pg. 1) In 1964, Malcom X founded an organization called The Muslim Mosque, Inc. In an interview conducted by A. B. Spellman on March 19, 1964, Malcom speaks of his goals for this organization. The Muslim Mosque, Inc. will have as its religious base the religion of Islam, which will be designed to propagate the moral reformations necesary to up the level of the so-called Negro community by eliminating the vices and other evils that destroy the moral fiber of the community. But the political philosophy of the Muslim Mosque will be black nationalism, as well as the social and economic philosophies. We still believe in the Honorable Elijah Muhammands solution as complete separation. The 22 million so-called Negroes should be separated completely from America and should be permitted to go back home to our native African homeland. (Breitmaned, pgs. 5-6) Perhaps the key to these two African-Americans leaders opposing goals lay within their very different pasts. Malcom X was born in Omaha as Malcom Little. Malcoms faith, a Baptist minister was an outspoken follower of Marcus Garvey, the black nationalist leader of the 1920s. The family moved to Lansing, Michigan, and when Malcom was six years old, his father was murdered after receiving threats from the Ku Klux Klan. Malcoms mother suffered a nervous breakdown and her eight children were taken by the welfare department. Malcom was sent first to a foster home and then to a reform school. After 8th grade, Malcom moved to Boston where he worked various jobs and eventually became involved in criminal activity. (Malcom X, pg. 1) In 1946, he was sentenced to prison for burglary. While in prison, Malcom became invested in the teachings of Elijah Muhammed, the leader of the black Muslims also called the Nation of Islam. Malcom spent his time in jail educating himself and learning more about the black Muslims, who advocated racial separation. When Malcom was released in 1952, he joined a black Muslim temple in Detroit and became the most prominent spokesperson for the Nation of Islam by the early 1960s. It was then that he took the name of Malcom X. (Malcom, pg. 1) Martin Luther King was born in Alanta, Georgia, the eldest son of Martin Luther King, Sr. a Baptist minister, and Alberta Williams King. King attended local segregated public schools, where he excelled. He entered nearby Morehouse College at age 15 and graduated with a bachelors degree in sociology in 1948. After graduating with honors from Crozer Theological Seminary in Pennsylvania in 1951, he went to Boston University where he earned a doctoral degree in systematic theology in 1955. (King, Martin Luther, Jr. , pg. 1) Throughout Kings education, he was exposed to influences that related Christian theology to the struggles of oppressed peoples. At Morehouse, Crozer, and Boston University, he studied the teachings on nonviolent Indian leader Mohandas Gandhi. King also read and heard the sermons of white Protestant ministers who preached against American racism. He was married in 1953, and in 1954, he accepted his first pastorate at the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama, a church of well-educated congretions that had recently by a minister who had protested against segregation. (King, Martin Luther, Jr. , pg. 1) Where as King was full of love, peace, respect, and compassion for his fellow white brother, Malcom X was full of hate, anger, and vengeance. He was a dark presence, an angry, cynical, implacable man whose good will or forgiveness or even pity the white race could neither earn nor buy. Coffee, he once remarked in an interview, is the only thing I like integrated. He also pleasantly mentioned that whites were inherently enemies of the Negroes and that integration was impossible without great bloodletting. Nonviolence was as he put it, a mealy-mouth, beg-in, wait-in, plead-in kind of action, and it was only a device for disarming the blacks. He also believed that everything we had heard to the contrary from the Martin Luther Kings and the Roy Wilkinses and the Whiteny Youngs was a deadly dangerous pack of lies. Thats etiquette, he said. Etiquette means to blend in with society. They are being polite. The average Negro doesnt even let another Negro know what he thinks, hes so mistrusting. Im black first- my whole objectives are black, my allegiance is black, my whole objectives are black. By me being a Muslim, Im not interested in American, because America has never been interested in me. (Goldman, pg. 5) Black blood, claimed Malcom X, is stronger than white. A person can have a teaspoon of black in him, and that makes him black. Black cant come from white, but white can come from black. That means black was first. If black is first, black is supreme and white is dependent on black. He meant to haunt whites, to play on their fears and quicken their guilt and deflate their dreams that everything was getting better- and he did. Americas problem is us. Malcom X told whites that if they argued that the sins of the past ought not to visited on them, he would reply: Your father isnt here to pay his debts. My father isnt here to collect, but Im here to collect, and youre here to pay. (Goldman, pgs. 6-9) Martin Luther King is known for his key role as president of the Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA), the oganixation that directed the bus boycott in Montgomery, Alabama. Montgomerys black community had long standing grievances about the mistreatment of blacks on the citys buses. Many white bus drivers treated blacks rudely, often cursing them and humiliating them by enforcing the citys segregation laws, which forced black riders to sit in the back of busses and give up their seats to white passengers on crowded busses. By the 1950s, Montgomerys blacks discussed boycotting the busses in an effort to gain better treatment- but not necessarily to end segregation. On December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks, a leading member of the local branch of the NAACP, was ordered to give up her seat to a white passenger. When she refused, she was arrested and taken to jail. Local leaders of the NAACP, especially Edgar D. Nixon, recognized recently arrived Kings public speaking gifts as great assets in the battle for black civil rights in Montgomery. King was soon chosen as president of the MIA, the organization that directed the bus boycott.

Tantrums and anxiety in early childhood

Tantrums and anxiety in early childhood Introduction One of the many tasks of the early childhood educator is to keep abreast of current research developments in the field. Research on brain development, learning strategies, guidance techniques, and working with parents, and so forth has dramatically altered and hopefully improved practice over the years. Task Select three papers from any of the issues of Early Childhood Research Practice listed in the right-hand margin. Only papers are acceptable. Features or Observations and Reflections are not allowed since they are not research based. Early Childhood Research Practice Once you have selected three papers of interest to you, and they need not cover the same topic, read them and then complete a brief review of each article. For each review, please use the outline format below: Title and author of article Brief summary of the article (please do not retype the abstract or the summary; summarize the article in your own words) Purpose of the article Population studied Conclusions presented in the article How you would apply this research in an early education setting. Submission The article review is due in Assignments, Tests and Surveys on Tuesday, February 23rd by 11:30pm. This assignment is worth 50 points. A 15-point late deduction will be taken for work submitted beyond the due date. The last day to submit late work is May 18th at 11:30pm. The grading rubric that will be used to evaluate this assignment is located in Resources on the left-hand navigation tree. Please note: Only articles from the Early Childhood Research Practice Journal may be used. If articles from other sources are used, they will not be counted. All work must be original. Work plagiarized from any other sourcethat is taken and presented as the students own when it was in fact written by someone elsewill result in a zero. This includes copying and pasting content from any of the articles chose, or any other articles. In addition, the plagiarized work will be submitted to the Vice President of Student Services for his evaluation of academic dishonesty. Please be forewarned Title and author of article Tantrums and Anxiety in Early Childhood: A Pilot Study Written by Gina Mireault and Jessica Trahan Brief summary According to the authors of Tantrums and Anxiety in Early Childhood: A Pilot Study, the anxiety of children could have a significant relationship with the tantrums, as well as be factor that cause them. Studying tantrums and its factors is important because of concerns about having long lasting effect in childrens behavior and assure the best forms to counteract those. The studys information, gathered by the childrens parents, using measures as Achenbach Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and Tantrum Questionnaire, showed that there isnt any relationship that anxiety could be a factor responsible for tantrums neither that have any connection. However, the authors, concludes that results can change since that population participated in this research was a small proportion and it cant be generalized, as well as because others question arise about if with different mechanism tantrums and anxiety could be associated. Purpose of the article The purpose of the article was to study the tantrums, as their factors and their aspects; a well as to resolve the assumption that anxiety could be also a factor that cause those frequent and common tantrums on children. Moreover, the study also would target if the counteract actions to stop those could also have a relation with anxiety. Population studied In this study a small group participated; integrated by 33 children, 15 males and 18 females, between the ages of 3 and 5, and their respective parents. Conclusions presented in the article The research conclude that after gathering all the information with the help of the childrens parents, the study showed that the tantrums frequency on the majority of the children studied was that tantrums occurred often and those were noticeable and distracting. However, anxiety was not found to be a factor that could cause tantrums neither to have any relation with the tantrums aspects. Since , this research was not generalized and it pop out another important questions, that authors suggest that consider that anxiety could be link to tantrums and to care about the way to handle childrens tantrums. How you would apply this research in an early education setting. This research was very interesting since it showed me some tantrums factors and the usual parenting forms to handle those. After to know that is true that there are not many researches on tantrums and if anxiety could be an important factor to cause them; I would truly be aware and consciously observed children tantrums in my work setting as an early childhood teacher. Since, anxiety could truly be a linked to tantrums, observation needs to be primary before I could act to a childs tantrums, so I can make a good choice to manage those without affecting the child in any way. Title and author of article Whos the Boss? Young Childrens Power and Influence in an Early Childhood Classroom. Written by Yoon-Joo Lee and Susan L. Recchia Brief summary of the article (please do not retype the abstract or the summary; summarize the article in your own words) In the research Whos the Boss? Young Childrens Power and Influence in an Early Childhood Classroom, authors Yoon-Joo Lee and Susan L. Recchia present their study about the impact and the ways that childrens power influence the classroom socialization. Different examples where addressed about how the role of power of three preschool children made a powerful influence towards their other classmates and sometimes towards their teachers. The children power made teachers felt challenged by these children and at times they might not even realize they were being influenced. The results showed that this powerful influence had an impact, both positive and negative. The authors suggest that teacher need to analyze every situation where powerful influence by children could happen, to achieve a balance of power where all the childrens voices can be heard, and encouraged equal opportunity. Purpose of the article The purpose was to study the childrens influential power that is seen over other children and over their own teachers, as well as the effect that it has within socialization in a preschool class. Population studied Three preschool children were studied, with the helped of two head teachers that were able to answers interviews about this children and themselves. Conclusions presented in the article The authors conclude that Childrens influential power towards other children could be positive, because it makes children be engaged in some other enriched activities but also this influential power can be negative because sometimes unfairness takes place in some classroom activities by these influential children. Moreover, the authors addressed that teacher uncomfortable way towards this childrens behavior could be based on the way of the teachers ideas of a democratic classroom, and the teachers way to solve some situations, not always is the best way, since in some of this situations teacher may allow some children to have more power than the others, even though this is not their intention. How you would apply this research in an early education setting. The article showed me many interesting examples of how some children could have influential power over other and even over teacher without these notice it. I havent had the opportunity to witness this role of power by preschool children, but I had observed some children of my neighborhood and its really true how this power impact other children in negative ways and positive as well. I would apply this research as based to how to handle some powerful situation by children where Ill doing my practicum, so avoid the mistake of giving more power to some children than other. Nevertheless, I will need to be alert in every situation, carefully observing, to assure a democratic classroom environment. Title and author of article Exposure to Media Violence and Other Correlates of Aggressive Behavior in Preschool Children Written by Laura A. Daly and Linda M. Perez Brief summary of the article According to the authors of Exposure to Media Violence and Other Correlates of Aggressive Behavior in Preschool Children, the aggressive behavior was led by the possible main influence by TV violence programs that preschool children watched. Reaching methods found that watching violent TV programs isnt a principal source that produce a change on childrens behavior, however, it can influenced the childs behavior with the accompany of other factors. Gender, fathers presence, mothers age, and a poor self- regulation were address to be other influential factors that contribute to an aggressive behavior. Nevertheless, the authors conclude that since the children are in the process of self-regulation that amount of violent TV programs seen by preschool children have to be reduced. Purpose of the article The purpose of the research was to find out if violence shows in television programming could be related with violent aggression seen in preschool children during their play time, as well as to examine other factors and variables as the childs gender and age, that influence a change in the childrens behavior. Population studied The population that participated in the study was integrated by 30 preschool teachers and 70 children, 32 females and 38 males; they were from seven different preschools, as well as the childrens parents. Conclusions presented in the article The violence in television that children watch was not the main factor that made the children act aggressively during their play times; however it is an important influential via that together with the low self-regulation that preschool children have, together with gender, can conduct to have an aggressive behavior. Moreover, researchers found that as the mother age, childrens age and the fact that children were living with both of their parents were the principal factors that led to have a higher self- regulation and for instant a better pro-social behavior. How you would apply this research in an early education setting. Reading through this research, it was possible to be aware about the factors that make children behave aggressively during their time to play. This research was very helpful as well in the fact that led teachers knows that we truly need to be a good support for children in the way as helpers for their development of their self- regulation. Teachers know now that children do not act aggressively just because they are been disrespectful; instead this behavior is influenced by many factors including their undeveloped prefrontal cortex. Teachers definitely cant avoid children to watch TVs programs that content violence, however teachers can be a good support to help them and guide them on controlling their behavior. Bibliography Mireault, G., Trahan, J. (2007, Fall). Tantrums and Anxiety in Early Childhood: A Pilot Study. Lee, Y.-J., Recchia, S. L. (2008, Spring). Whos the Boss? Young Childrens Power and Influence in an Early Childhood Classroom. Daly, L. A., Perez, L. M. (2009, Fall). Exposure to Media Violence and Other Correlates of Aggressive Behavior in Preschool Children.

The Sense of Evil Conveyed in Shakespeares Macbeth Essay -- LIterary A

Throughout his play, Shakespeare uses a wide variety of themes in order to convey the sense of evil. These themes are omnipresent, and well implemented into the text, as they allow the reader to visually imagine the different occurrences, and how they might lead to a sense of evil throughout. The themes included consist of appearance and reality, guilt, ambition, violence and tyranny and order and disorder. Several quotes are weaved into the text in order to express more clearly the theme Shakespeare is attempting to convey. The themes all come together to enhance the dark symbolism of evil, and how it is actually conveyed. The most prominent theme throughout Macbeth is ambition. Macbeth and Lady Macbeth risk their innocence and will in order to pursue the throne. Lady Macbeth sees her husband as a coward, and therefore this relates to the theme of Violence and tyranny, as she is ruthless in getting what she desires. Lady Macbeth speaks about Macbeth’s ambition: â€Å"Though wouldst be great Art not without ambition, but without the illness should attend it:† This important quote enables us to understand Macbeth’s nature, which is â€Å"too full of the milk of human kindness†. Lady Macbeth’s provocation enlivens the evil residing in Macbeth and his ambition receives a new dimension: â€Å"I have no spur to prick the sides of my intent, but only vaulting ambition, which overleaps itself and falls on the other.† Throughout the play, Macbeth’s rising sense of ambition and realization, leads to him enhancing the themes of guilt and violence, as ambition ac ts as ‘the four legs’ that hold the two upright. â€Å"Your hand, your tongue, look like the innocent flower, but be the serpent under't". Lady Macbeth tells Macbeth that she is trying to s... ...onstantly repeats the procedure of washing her hands, as she believes that water would simply ‘wash away’ her dirty deed. â€Å"Will all great Neptune's ocean wash this blood clean from my hand?† expresses Macbeth’s extreme quilt, and the fact that he believed that if he were to wash his hand in the ocean, it would all turn completely-blood red, due to the severity of the deed committed. It is a hyperbole. Guilt seems to play a motivating role when Macbeth says, "Things bad begun make strong themselves by ill" Macbeth tries to explain that if a dangerous deed was continually done, its pain would eventually go away. He also explains that his morals were poisoned and were used to motivate him to commit more murderous crimes. " If’t be so, for Banquo’s issue have I filed my mind; for them the gracious Duncan have I murdered; Put rancors in the vessel of my peace".

What do you consider are the essential attributes of an interviewer and why?

Countless interviews are carried out each year by interviewers with the view to eliciting information from interviewees or assessing their suitability for job positions. The duration and cost involved in carrying out these interviews vary greatly (Lamb, Hair and McDaniel, 2000). These interviews are conducted in person or face to face, over the telephone and by email (Evans, Moutinho and Van Raaij, 1996). The ability of these interviews to achieve their desired objectives to a large extent depends on the interviewers employed. Interviewers with excellent attributes for interviewing are able to achieve the objectives they set for themselves, whereas their counterparts without them often fail to reach conclusive outcomes. By the nature of the work, interviewers need to have genuine interest in people, their behaviours, emotions, lifestyles, passions and opinions (McDaniel and Gates, 1999). Without these attributes, interviewers cannot effectively interact with their interviewees. And without effective interaction, it would be difficult for an interviewer to elicit information from the interviewee or to assess them properly. It is therefore essential for interviewers to have people’s skills, if they hope to be successful at interviewing. They also need to sharpen their interpersonal or interactive skills (Lewis, 1989; Hayden, 1991). A study carried out in Australia has revealed that irrespective of the background of interviewers, those who are relaxed, empathetic and warm in nature tend to be more effective than those without these attributes (Wright and Powell, 2007). The same study further established that these attributes were more important than knowledge of legislation, prior job experience, and interviewing techniques. These findings should not be surprising since these attributes enable the interviewer to draw needed information easily from their interviewees. Papadopoulou, Ineson and Williams (1996) also reported that the degree of empathy shown by the interviewer affected the perceptions of the interviewee. The study of Papadopoulou and colleagues also established that the overall satisfaction of interviewee with the interview was a function of the empathetic behaviour of the interviewer. Interviewers need also to possess excellent communication skills. Interviewing is all about communication. Therefore, the ability of an interviewer to express himself in clear terms greatly helps during the interviewing process. When questions are clearly posed, the interviewee is able to understand and respond to them accordingly. On the other hand, if the interviewer is unable to communicate clearly to the interviewee, it unduly drags the interview and elicitation of answers to questions posed becomes difficult. Through the art of communication, the interviewer should be able to gain the cooperation of the interviewee or respondent. Without such cooperation, it would be difficult for the interviewer to make any meaningful headway during the interview. Gaining the cooperation of the interviewee or respondent itself is an art the interviewer must learn. Another essential attribute an interviewer should possess is the ability to listen (Ross and Kimball, 2007). Good listening skills are needed to be able to take in new information. Interviewers with good listening skills make excellent interviewers. Communication is a two way process. To be a successful communicator, one must not only possess the ability to send a message across to another person, but also be able to listen to the feedback received (Van der Zouwen and Smit, 2005). Interviewers with good listening skills are able to hear what is being said and to identify what is not being said (McDaniel and Gates, 1999). From this process, interviewers are able to pose the right type of questions likely to elicit the information most needed. Listening skills are therefore a vital attribute any serious-minded interviewer should possess. With good listening skills, interviewers would be able to hear and understand what interviewees are trying to communicate to them and respond appropriately. Unfortunately, the acquisition of listening skills does not come easily, so an interviewer should be prepared to spend time in acquiring them. For interviewers to be successful at interviewing they must be deeply knowledgeable in the subject matter they are handling. They should invest the time to adequately prepare themselves for the interview. That way, they would be equipped to ask simple and straight forward questions likely to draw the required information from their interviewees. Also, interviewers would be better positioned to assess their interviewees if they prepare themselves for the occasion. Good knowledge of the subject matter by interviewers helps them from being side-tracked in the course of the interview. Interviewers are also able to pan out what is essential information from what is not if they possess adequate knowledge about the subject matter under discussion. The desire to be curious and yet not too smart is an enduring attribute any prospective interviewer should possess (Ross and Kimball, 2007). Such an attribute helps in the preparation for the occasion and also in probing issues to elicit information from interviewees. Interviewers should have interest in a wide range of topics. They should also have the ability to immerse themselves in a topic and acquire the necessary knowledge and language quickly (McDaniel and Gates, 1999). Other essential attributes of interviewers are consistency and discipline (Barclay, 2001). Interviewers sometimes use a guide to direct the discussion or conversation during the interview. The possession of these attributes enables the interviewer to keep the conversation on track, no matter how distracted the interviewee attempts to drive it. It is not uncommon to find interviewees attempting to sway the conversation from the path envisioned by the interviewer. On such occasions, it takes the attribute of consistency on the part of the interviewer to keep the interview on track. Without the attribute of consistency, an interview can drag on for hours without any meaningful outcome being arrived at. Mention has already been made about the importance of prior preparation by the interviewer. This enables a discussion guide to be prepared or where a guide has been given, to be thoroughly studied by the interviewer. Without personal discipline, preparation for interviews would be difficult for the interviewer. The consequences of poor or no preparation on the outcome of an interview have also been stressed. It is therefore incumbent on interviewers to cultivate the habit of preparing before the interview. Interviewers must develop strong work ethics. Individual creativity is another essential attribute needed by interviewers. Often interviewers undertake their tasks without procedures, guides and criteria. Even where such criteria, procedures and guides are provided, the outcome of the conversation in some cases may demand a creative input without altering the guide being used. Without such creative inputs, the interview becomes dry and unrevealing. In extreme cases, the interviewee may even become bored in the process. Creative skills therefore need to be cultivated by interviewers to enable them put life into the interview. Interviewers need to possess good observation skills. This attribute would enable them to interpret accurately body language. Furthermore, these skills would give them the ability to see in detail what is happening and steer the course of the interview accordingly. When the interviewer is able to accurately observe and interpret the turn of events, he is better positioned to tailor his questions to draw information from the interviewee. Without good observation skills, the interviewer may stick rigidly to the interviewing guide when the turn of events demand that some creative changes be introduced to save the interview. Interviewers also need to be objective. This attribute would enable them to set aside their personal ideas and feelings and remain open to ideas and feelings of others. Objectivity on the part of the interviewer enables the wider interest of the interview to be placed higher above personal ideas, interests, whims and caprices. At the end of the day, what the interviewer seeks would be what would enable the goals of the interview to be achieved. Interviewers should also have the ability to have a flexible outlook on the turn of events. This would enable them to allow interesting digressions. As it has already been pointed out, it is not always that the interview would stay on course as planned. Unexpected developments may occur. However, if the interviewer is flexible, he would be able to steer the interview on course. The ability of flexibility enables useful information to be panned out of unplanned developments or unintended digressions. It needs to be stressed that bringing digressing interviews into focus is sometimes not easy. A great deal of skill is required to keep an interview in on course. For example, unintended digressions call for the interviewer to think on his feet and make fast decisions. He should also have the ability to live with uncertainty. Interviewers also need to be patient. It is not uncommon for negative emotions to be expressed by interviewees, especially when the information being sought from them is considered to be sensitive. In such instances, if the negative emotions are met by the interviewer with similar ones, it is likely to disrupt the interview. On the other hand, if the interviewer keeps his cool and patiently keeps the interview on course, it is likely that a more productive outcome would be achieved. It takes a great of patience to tolerate negative emotions and also new information that is not consistent with what one espouses. Interviewers also need to accept and appreciate the differences in people, especially those whose lives greatly differ from their own. McDaniel and Gates (1999) call this attribute an â€Å"unconditional positive regard†. Interviewees differ remarkably in their upbringing, thought patterns, values and norms. These differences need to be taken into account when people are being interviewed. Having an unconditional positive regard would enable interviewers listen intently to their interviewees, irrespective of their background and are able to learn new information from them. Interviewers should be good record keepers. This would enable them to recall information easily in the course of an interview. Being able to recall information, positions the interviewer better to follow the conversation or discussion and to ask intelligent questions. On the hand, interviewers who are easily forgetful are unlikely to be successful at interviewing. This is because they cannot trade information well. Interviewers also need to be polite to their respondents. When interviewers show politeness to their respondents it keeps the door open for them to be contacted once again if it becomes necessary in future. Interviewers should thank respondents for their time after the interview.

Positive Organizational Scholarship Essay

Positive organizational scholarship is an emerging discipline in organizational behavior and is about positivity in organization. The need for it emerged to bridge the gap between moral and rational objectives. It is not a new science, it is the new way of looking at things, it’s like you have just changed your glasses. In today’s world, society is facing extremely tough challenges in the form of global warming, natural disasters, economic recession, unprecedented homelessness, terrorism and the draining continuation of war. So at this moment of extreme negative happenings and uncertainty, what is needed to be emphasized and brought up is positive. With all this sadness and horror, where in the world does a science based on testing happiness, wellbeing, personal growth and ‘the good life’ ? t into the modern-day agenda? So, Positive psychology; is the study of topics such as happiness, optimism, personal growth and subjective well being. It promotes the factors that allow the groups and communities to thrive or flourish. At the current stage in this world of negativity, positive psychology focuses on positive experiences at three time points a) past centering contentment; b) present focusing current happiness c) future including optimism and hope. We should know that what a good life is ? Aristotle and Plato used to believe that when people carried out a virtuous life they would become authentically happy. The happiness are of two types in positive psychology according to Seligman, one is hedonic happiness which is high level of positive affect and low levels of negative effect, in addition to high subjective life satisfaction. See more: how to start a scholarship essay Other is eudemonic wellbeing which focuses more on creation of meaning and purpose in life. (Hefferon & Boniwell, 2011) A science of positive subjective experience, positive individual traits, and positive institutions promises to improve quality of life and prevent the pathologies that arise when life is barren and meaningless. The model of Seligman of Positive psychology is divided into three parts: The pleasurable life, the good life, and the meaningful life. The â€Å"pleasurable life† is about things like shopping, eating, drugging, meaningless sex, etc. The research is finding that having more pleasures does not increase life satisfaction. The â€Å"good life† as defined by Seligman is about understanding and using one’s core strengths/virtues in work and love and play. He, in conjunction with Chris Peterson, developed a VIA Signature Strengths Survey found that Having a life of high absorption does correlate to life satisfaction measures according to Seligman. Lastly, the â€Å"meaningful life† is when a person uses his/her strengths for the purpose of something larger than him/herself. Choosing to live a life of faith, purpose, meaning, correlates to life satisfaction measures. Marty also sees this aspect of his model directly related to Positive Institutions—those organizations that promote positive character development and/or meaning. He’s mostly focused on non-profits and religious organizations but others are applying it to for-profit organizations. (Seligman & Csikszentmihalyi, 2000) An approach that is positive to selection, development, and management of human resources in organizations has been emphasized by both scholars and professionals over the years. A wide variety of positively oriented high-performance work practices in placement, compensation, and motivation and their underlying strategies, structures, and cultures have also been extensively studied and supported for their contributions to organizational performance and competitiveness. Research and consulting by the Gallup Organization also supports the importance of positive, strength-based organizational cultures and human resource practices . (Buckingham & Clifton, 2001). For example, factors such as effective selection and placement practices that capitalize on employees’ talents, clear and aligned goals and expectations, social support and recognition, and opportunities for growth, development, and self actualization have been found to significantly contribute to employee engagement, customer satisfaction, and ultimately organizational profitability and growth(Harter, Schmidt, & Keynes, 2003) On the academic side, the positive organizational scholarship or POS movement has been instrumental in providing macro-level scholars with a conceptual framework for organizing and integrating their research on positive organizations (Cameron et al. , 2003). Positive refers to the elevating processes and outcomes in organizations. Organizational refers to the interpersonal and structural dynamics activated in and through organizations, specifically taking into account the context in which positive phenomena occur. Scholarship refers to the scientific, theoretically derived, and rigorous investigation of that which is positive in organizational setting. (KIM S. CAMERON & CAZA, 2004). Positive organizational scholarship (POS) is considered an alternative approach to studying organizations; it is argued that POS plays a critical theory role in contemporary organizational scholarship. By using essays on critical theory in organizational science to consider POS research, and drawing from the principles of Gestalt psychology, it is argued that the important distinctions between POS and traditional organizational scholarship lie in POS’s emphasis on positive processes, on value transparency, and on extending the range of what constitutes a positive organizational outcome. In doing so, it is concluded that the primary contribution of POS is that it offers an alternative to the deficit model that shapes the design and conduct of organizational research. (Caza. & Caza. , 2008) There are several reasons that exist for the neglect of positive phenomena in organizational science. They include a) Lack of valid and reliable measuring devices b) the association of positivity with uncritical science c) the fact that negative events have greater impact on people than positive events(Baumeister, Bratslavsky, Finkenauer, & Vohs, 2001) The first reason for the neglect towards POS concerning measurement and instrumentation, most positively focused at work up to now has been at the psychological level. For example only surveys had been used up till now for finding out anything related to it. Most scholarly work in POS has been conceptual and definitional rather than empirical. Little empirical work has been published. (Cameron, Dutton, & Quinn, 2003). The article by Losada and Heaphy uses a model to estimate team effectiveness. Communication patterns in 60 top management teams were observed and coded in day long strategic planning sessions. The ratio of positive to negative communication was ranging among high, medium and low performing teams. Positive teams performed significantly better Similarly Cameron, Bright and Caza’s study in which they surveyed organizations across a number of industry types, and eventually they found out that the organizations scoring higher on virtuousness had a better performance than the other ones. The second reason to the neglect towards POS is that the topics related to it have sometimes been associated with non scholarly prescriptions. Hope and optimism for example have been interpreted as wishful thinking. POS uses the word scholarship to identify its scientific and theoretical foundations. It is committed to documenting, measuring, and explaining usually positive human experiences in organizations. The third reason for the dearth of POS illustrated by Baumeisteret et al’s concluded that the events that are negative for example losing money or receiving criticism will always have a greater impact on the individual than the positive events such as winning money or receiving praise. Many good events can overcome the psychological effects of a single bad one. In case the numbers of good and bad events are equal then the psychological effects of bad ones always outweigh the good ones. This tells us that the neglect of problems and challenges might threaten the survival of individual. And the neglect of positive might only result into regret or disappointment. (KIM S.  CAMERON & CAZA, 2004) Identifying the factors that lead to joy and happiness, hope and faith, and â€Å"what makes life worth living† represents a shift from reparative psychology to a psychology of positive experience. Similarly, Positive organizational scholarship examines the positive side of organizational performance. It investigates positive deviance, or the ways in which organizations and their members flourish and prosper in especially humane and extraordinary ways. It investigates virtuous elements in organizations such as compassion, forgiveness, dignity, respectful encounters, optimism and positive effect, integrity, and wisdom. This emphasis parallels a new movement in psychology that is shifting from the traditional focus on illness and pathology (e. g.  , deviancy, abnormality, and therapy) toward a positive psychology that focuses on human strengths and virtues. (Dinnah Pladott, 2003) Pos is concerned with understanding the integration of positive and negative conditions. Positive Organizational Scholarship (POS) and Positive Psychology are focused on understanding the conditions and processes that explain flourishing. What differentiates POS is an explicit interest in understanding and explaining flourishing in organizational contexts (including individuals, groups, units and whole organizations). Flourishing refers to being in an optimal range of human functioning and is indicated at the individual level by goodness, generatively, growth and resilience. At  the collective level of groups and organizations, flourishing may be indicated by creativity, innovation, growth, resilience, thriving virtuousness or other markers that a collective is healthy and is performing in an â€Å"above normal† or positively deviant range. POS also focuses on the development of individual, group and collective strengths that represent forms of individual and collective excellence. POS unites existing domains of organizational inquiry focused on flourishing. This includes work on flourishing indicators such as creativity, engagement, flow, growth, health and well-being, as well as contributors to flourishing that consider features of the organization, group and job contexts.