Euthanasia in Terminal Illness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Euthanasia in Terminal Illness - Essay Example Included in the topics to be covered are the different approaches that present the reasons for undertaking or employing euthanasia. Historical Roots of Euthanasia The history of euthanasia can be traced back to the reign of the Greeks and Romans when the term originated. Though it is meant to imply a good death, euthanasia is often deemed with negativity since it can be translated as physician-assisted suicide and compared to other ethical and moral social issues such as abortion, capital punishment, and issues related to beginning or ending of human life (McDougall, Gorman and Roberts, 2008, p.2). During the first to firth century, Greeks and Romans are allowed to access poison and choose death. The rise of the influence of Christianity during the Roman Empire had a great impact on the view on euthanasia. Death regardless of what reason was prohibited. During the middle ages, 5th to 15th century, the Catholic Church stressed the religious condemnation of euthanasia and that sufferin g is a sign of spiritual virtues of martyrdom. Then the Renaissance (14th to 17th century) came and changed the view on euthanasia through the discovery of modern scientific knowledge that are still influential in the present era. Thus, there is diversification of view on euthanasia since the church is still against the issue (McDougall, Gorman and Roberts, 2008, p.3-4). The view on euthanasia continuously changed as the Age of Reason came in during the 18th century. Scientific prowess opened the mind of the people regarding the need of every person to have a choice regarding death. In 1798, six colonies ceased the legal penalties for attempted suicide. The open mindedness of the authorities though made a frightening turn during the pre-WW II and Nazi Germany (1920-45) when the secretly approved government program that killed handicapped, mentally ill and people un asylums became the onset of Hitler’s Euthanasia Programme that even included people of least capability to defen d themselves regardless of being healthy such as women and children (p.5). With the foundations of views and beliefs from the previous eras, the perspective toward euthanasia in the present era became divided. This is the main reason why it became a personal issue to decide on whether or not euthanasia should be applied. Law and medical ethics mandate the guidelines for euthanasia while the person himself and the relatives hold the decision to apply it. Philosophical Roots of Euthanasia Euthanasia is one of the main concerns in the field of medicine based on the fact that it is a controversial issue in ethics. The ethical question lies in the death of a person. If the person himself/herself consented for the act, there is a question the person’s right to take his/her own life. If the act is the decision of the relatives or the medical professionals since it may be the only solution left for the patient, there is a question on their right to decide the time when a person shoul d die (Andersen and Taylor, 2007, p.552).

The Role of the Managers in Criminal Justice Organizations Essay

The Role of the Managers in Criminal Justice Organizations - Essay Example Managers play a significant role in improving the working of criminal justice organizations. â€Å"Criminal justice management positions can range from the police chief of a small town police department to the director of a national crime-fighting organization† (Marlow, 2011). All employees from lower level to higher level look towards the instructions of the managers for doing any kind of operation. In criminal justice organizations, a manager is a person who takes care of all administrative matters and issues. In an interview with Mr. Chris Banks, who is the investigation manager in a criminal justice organization, he stated that managers play different types of managerial roles in criminal justice organizations (personal communication, September 26, 2011). Some of the managerial posts in criminal justice organizations include investigation managers, correction officers, probation and parole managers, and administrative managers. A manager in such organizations not only inst ructs his/her subordinates but also motivates them to do well for the organizations. It is a fact that unskilled and untrained managers can never put the organization on the path of success; rather they turn out to be great threats to the vision and mission of the criminal justice organizations. A manager in a criminal justice organization needs to be talented, resourceful, daring, and well experienced in order to be successful (More, Vito, & Walsh, 2011). Therefore, it is very important to hire such people for the posts of managers who should have enough skills and abilities to meet different kinds of challenges successfully. The experience and subsequent socialization of criminal justice managers help them work heroically to protect their systems (Stojkovic, Kalinich, & Klofas, 2008, p. 7). Managers in criminal justice organizations are able to recognize the unique perspectives of all employees. It helps them create a better working relationship with the employees. A manager manag es and controls a group of employees, which may include police officers and investigation officers, for achieving any specific goal or objective. According to Mr. Banks, to accomplish organizational goals, managers control behaviors of employees because if the mindset of the employees and the managers will not be same, the managers will not be able to achieve the desired goals effectively (personal communication, September 26, 2011). Manages also play the role of leaders because they not only inspire other people by showing a dynamic behavior but also motivate them to accomplish the tasks in an effective manner. The level and the nature of interaction between police officers, court officials, and managers matters a lot in criminal justice organizations. A manager is a supreme authority for the employees and the employees need to adhere to the instructions of their managers. It is the strength of interaction between the manager and the employees, which determine the level of producti vity and success of a criminal justice organization. In an interview with Mr. Steve Johns, who is the operations managers in an organization, he said that the role of managers in criminal justice organization is very influential and mangers use a directive approach to run all administrative matters (personal